12 April 2022: Curing cancer - reductionism versus complexity

 I have updated my article: Curing cancer - Reductionism versus complexity. It begins:

In 1971, President Richard M. Nixon announced the beginning of the "war on cancer" in the United States. Fifty years later, despite massive government expenditures and testimonials that the war on cancer "did everything it was supposed to do", cancer is still a leading cause of death with high mortality from cancer of the lung, colon, pancreas and breast.

Our war on cancer has failed because our basic approach to biology is wrong. Biologic thinking has traditionally relied on reductionism, the theory that the behavior of the whole is equal to the sum of the behavior of the parts. Based on this theory, sophisticated systems are presumed to be combinations of simpler systems that can be reduced to simpler parts; this implies that disease is due to flawed parts and treatment merely needs to identify and repair or destroy the damaged parts. Although logical and rational, reductionism does not accurately describe the functioning of complex systems, including human biology.

Rest of article, https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/ccnblog/reductionismvscomplexity.html